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From your first flying lesson to your airline job, and beyond: 15,000+ questions, every answer sourced, with type-rating and interview prep, pilot jobs and pilot tools.
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EASA PPL, IR, CPL & ATPL theory · A320, A220, B737, B787 & E-Jet systems · airline interviews
Categories
Difference Training A320ceo to neo · A319 / A320 / A321
A course and its quiz on what changes between variants, built from the FAA and EASA differences data. Included in PRO, or unlock it alone for €11.99 for 12 months.
Subjects
Difference Training 737 NG to 737 MAX
A course and its quiz on what changes between variants, built from the FAA and EASA differences data. Included in PRO, or unlock it alone for €11.99 for 12 months.
Chapters
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Chapters
Subjects
Chapters
Subjects
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Subjects
Every PPL theory question — €10/mo
Ground School unlocks all 9,400+ theory questions — PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL, plus the four FAA writtens — each answer cited to its source. Theory only — no A320, no B737, no interview banks.
Subjects
Every IR theory question — €10/mo
Ground School unlocks all 9,400+ theory questions — PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL, plus the four FAA writtens — each answer cited to its source. Theory only — no A320, no B737, no interview banks.
Subjects
Every CPL theory question — €10/mo
Ground School unlocks all 9,400+ theory questions — PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL, plus the four FAA writtens — each answer cited to its source. Theory only — no A320, no B737, no interview banks.
Subject areas
Every Private Pilot question — €10/mo
Ground School unlocks every theory question on v1prep — the four FAA written tests and the EASA PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL — each answer cited to the FAA handbook page or regulation. Theory only — no A320, no B737, no interview banks.
Subject areas
Every Instrument Rating question — €10/mo
Ground School unlocks every theory question on v1prep — the four FAA written tests and the EASA PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL — each answer cited to the FAA handbook page or regulation. Theory only — no A320, no B737, no interview banks.
Subject areas
Every Commercial Pilot question — €10/mo
Ground School unlocks every theory question on v1prep — the four FAA written tests and the EASA PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL — each answer cited to the FAA handbook page or regulation. Theory only — no A320, no B737, no interview banks.
Subject areas
Every ATP question — €10/mo
Ground School unlocks every theory question on v1prep — the four FAA written tests and the EASA PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL — each answer cited to the FAA handbook page or regulation. Theory only — no A320, no B737, no interview banks.
Recruitment board
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10100
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From your first theory exam to your airline interview, and licenses for flight schools
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- ✓50 preview banks
- ✓5 questions per session
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Student pilots
Ground School
€10/mo
or €99/year · theory only
Every EASA and FAA theory question — PPL to ATPL, Private Pilot to ATP — for less than one hour of dual.
- ✓9,400+ theory questions, 74 banks
- ✓EASA PPL · IR · CPL · ATPL — every subject
- ✓FAA Private · Instrument · Commercial · ATP writtens
- ✓Every answer cited to its source
- ✓Progress + spaced repetition
- ✗A320 / B737 systems
- ✗Interview banks + Mock Interview
90 days · one-time
Interview Pass
€129
one-time · 90 days · no auto-renewal
You have a date. Ninety days of everything, then it ends — no subscription to cancel.
- ✓The full library — 15,000+ questions
- ✓A320 + B737 + EASA ATPL + FAA writtens
- ✓Mock Interview mode
- ✓Difference Training: 737 NG → MAX, A320ceo → neo
- ✓Pilot CV Pro: PDF, cover letter, CV optimized weekly
- ✓Flight Briefing: weather, runways, SIGMETs, terrain
- ✓Nothing to cancel — it simply stops
The full library, ongoing
Monthly
PRO
€19/mo
billed monthly · cancel anytime
Everything — theory, type systems and interviews — month to month.
- ✓15,000+ questions, all banks
- ✓A320 + B737 + EASA ATPL + FAA writtens
- ✓Mock Interview mode
- ✓Difference Training: 737 NG → MAX, A320ceo → neo
- ✓Pilot CV Pro: PDF, cover letter, CV optimized weekly
- ✓Flight Briefing: weather, runways, SIGMETs, terrain
- ✓Progress + spaced repetition
- ✓Cancel anytime
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Annual · save 35%
PRO
€12.42/mo
billed €149 a year · save €79/yr
Same as monthly — but committed pilots get a 35% discount.
- ✓Everything in PRO Monthly
- ✓Save €79/year vs monthly
- ✓Annual content roadmap access
- ✓Priority email support
- ✓14-day refund guarantee
Pay once
Lifetime
€299
one-time · pay once · keep forever
Pro forever — every future interview, every future content update.
- ✓Everything in PRO Annual
- ✓Forever access — no renewal
- ✓All future content updates
- ✓Founding-member badge
- ✓Priority support for life
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School Starter · 15 student seats included
License v1prep for your cadets: they join with your school code, and your instructors follow their progress by subject.
- ✓School Starter — €199/mo, 15 student seats
- ✓ATO Pro — €499/mo, 50 student seats
- ✓Full PRO content for every cadet
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What each plan contains
Ground School is the theory library — EASA PPL, IR, CPL and ATPL, and the four FAA writtens. PRO adds the A320, B737 and interview banks on top. The Interview Pass contains exactly what PRO contains, for 90 days.
| Feature | Freeforever | Ground Schoolfrom €99/yr | PRO / Pass€19/mo · Pass €129 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Content | |||
| Question banks unlocked | 50 preview banks | 74 theory banks | All 194 banks |
| Total questions available | 5 per session, from 3,300+ | 9,400+ | 15,000+ |
| Airbus A320 Family systems | Limited (7 preview banks) | ✗ | All A320 banks |
| Airbus A220 (-100 & -300) | Limited (5 preview banks) | ✗ | All A220 banks |
| Boeing 737 systems (NG & MAX) | Limited (7 preview banks) | ✗ | All B737 banks |
| Boeing 787 (-8, -9 & -10) | Limited (5 preview banks) | ✗ | All B787 banks |
| ATR 72 (-500 & -600) | Limited (3 preview banks) | ✗ | All ATR 72 banks |
| Embraer E-Jet (E1 & E2) | Limited (6 preview banks) | ✗ | All E-Jet banks |
| PPL / IR / CPL theory banks | Limited (3 preview banks) | ✓ | ✓ |
| EASA ATPL theory banks | Limited (1 preview bank) | ✓ | ✓ |
| FAA written tests (Private / Instrument / Commercial / ATP) | Limited (4 preview banks) | ✓ | ✓ |
| Interview Q&A (A320 / B737 / CRM) | Limited (8 preview banks) | ✗ | ✓ |
| US airline interview (technical / HR / process) | Technical set only | ✗ | ✓ |
| FCOM / FCTM / EASA / FAA-sourced explanations | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| New content added monthly | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Study modes | |||
| Quiz mode with explanations | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Questions per session | 5 max | Unlimited | Unlimited |
| Exam simulation (EASA papers at official length and time) | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Custom Test (your choice of subjects and length) | ✗ | ATPL banks | ATPL and A320 banks |
| ATPL cheat sheet (all 13 subjects) | First section of each subject | Full | Full |
| Mock Interview mode (timed + scored) | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ |
| Spaced repetition for weak areas | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Mistake review queue | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Flag questions for later | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Progress & analytics | |||
| Session history | Full | Full | Full |
| Accuracy per bank | Lifetime tracking | Lifetime tracking | Lifetime tracking |
| Streak & daily activity tracking | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Performance dashboard | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cross-device sync (cloud) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
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Groups of 4 or more pilots buying together get 20% off PRO (monthly or annual), the Interview Pass and Ground School: one code per group, one use per member. Ask for a code on the Contact page.
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Mock interview
A time-boxed technical round with questions drawn at random
Included with PRO, the Interview Pass and Lifetime.
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Activity feed
Library
168 in-depth articles and pilot tools: A320 systems, procedures and performance, ATPL and PPL/IR/CPL theory, the FAA written tests and the US airline path, who is hiring and what each airline requires, and airline-specific interview prep — all free, every fact sourced.
Pilot tools10 tools
Live · ICAO and US
METAR and TAF Decoder
Enter an ICAO code for the live METAR and TAF, or paste any report: every group in plain English, TEMPO, BECMG and PROB included, with the flight category of each period.
Free · 3 uses, then a free account→
New · your route
Flight Briefing
Departure time, two airports and an optional alternate in, a written briefing out: the METAR and TAF at each for your times, the runway likely in use, SIGMETs and pilot reports along the route, elevations and terrain. See a real example on the page.
€4.99/month or with PRO→
New · EASA ORO.FTL.205
EASA FDP Calculator
Report time and sectors in, your maximum daily flight duty period out, acclimatized or not, with the acclimatization table, extensions, in-flight rest and the cumulative limits explained.
3 free uses, then an account→
New · 14 CFR Part 117
FAA Part 117 FDP Calculator
Scheduled start and segments in, the Table B maximum FDP out, acclimated or not, with the Table A flight time limit, augmented crews (Table C), rest and the cumulative limits.
3 free uses, then an account→
Sleep · WOCL
Pilot Fatigue Calculator
Check your sleep in the last 24 and 48 hours and your hours awake against the Prior Sleep/Wake Model, with the WOCL, sleep debt and fatigue reporting explained.
3 free uses, then an account→
New · gusts · true or magnetic
Crosswind Calculator
Runway and wind in, crosswind, headwind or tailwind out, in the gusts too. Converts a METAR wind from true to magnetic, shows the other end of the runway and checks your limits.
3 free uses, then an account→
New · ICAO standard atmosphere
Density Altitude Calculator
Elevation, QNH (hPa or inHg) and temperature in: pressure altitude, ISA deviation and density altitude out, with the 120 ft rule of thumb and the effect of humidity.
3 free uses, then an account→
CV · cover letter · private
Pilot CV Builder
Build an airline-style pilot CV with a proper hours table, licenses, ratings and experience, and preview it live, free with an account. For €4.99, v1prep optimizes it for the airline you pick; Pilot CV Pro is included with PRO and Difference Training.
Free with an account · optimized €4.99→
Map · 58 centers
Type Rating Training Map
Where to do an A320, B737, ATR, A330/A350, B777/B787 or Dash 8 type rating: training centers worldwide with their types, approvals and inquiry contacts, filterable by aircraft and region.
Free with an account→
New · for clubs and schools
Free METAR Widget
Put your airfield’s live METAR, decoded in plain English with its flight category, on your club or school website: choose the station and theme, copy the code. No cookies.
Free, no account→
A320 and B737 systems8 guides
FCOM-sourced
Top 50 A320 Interview Questions
50 real interview questions with FCOM-sourced answers across 10 system categories. The conversational explanations interviewers actually want to hear.
~18 min read→
Type rating · FCOM-sourced
Top 25 A320 Type Rating Questions
25 type rating questions on A320 systems and limitations, with four options, the answer and its FCOM reference: hydraulics, electrics, flight control laws, fuel, bleed and FADEC.
~15 min read→
Type rating · FCOM-sourced
Top 25 B737 Type Rating Questions
25 type rating questions on 737 systems and limitations, with four options, the answer and its FCOM reference: systems A, B and standby, standby power, manual reversion and trim.
~15 min read→
Systems deep-dive
A320 Hydraulics for the Type Rating
Green, Yellow, Blue circuits, PTU, RAT, brake architecture, and what fails when each system fails. Every interview hit-list item.
~16 min read→
FBW deep-dive
A320 Flight Control Laws Explained
Normal, Alternate, Direct, Mechanical Backup. The protections, transitions, and triggers — what each law actually means in practice.
~14 min read→
Systems deep-dive
A320 Pneumatic System Complete Guide
Bleed sources, packs, X-bleed valve, BMC architecture, leak detection, ECAM warnings — every threshold you'll be asked.
~12 min read→
Systems deep-dive
A320 Electrical System Complete Guide
IDGs, AC/DC architecture, batteries, Static Inverter, EMER ELEC. The integrated picture interview examiners test.
~13 min read→
Systems deep-dive
A320 APU Complete Guide
Honeywell 131-9A architecture, start envelope, bleed and electrical supply, fire protection, EMER ELEC implications.
~13 min read→
Procedures and performance6 guides
Procedure
A320 FLEX Takeoff Explained
How the assumed temperature method works, the 4 hard limits, common mistakes, and the sim-check questions that catch candidates out.
~9 min read→
Performance
A320 V-Speeds Explained
V1, VR, V2 for takeoff. VLS, Vapp, Vref for approach. VFE, VLE, VMO/MMO operating limits. What each means, when it applies.
~10 min read→
Procedure
Engine Failure at V1: Procedure & Decisions
The decision logic, the immediate actions, why FLEX → MCT happens automatically, and the sim assessment trap questions.
~11 min read→
Performance
A320 Takeoff Performance Calculation in 5 Minutes
What RTOW means, how V-speeds and FLEX TEMP get computed, and the sanity checks that catch errors.
~9 min read→
Procedure
Reading the A320 ECAM
Color conventions, warning vs caution levels, SD pages, MEMO, and how to action ECAM correctly under pressure.
~12 min read→
Procedure
A320 Memory Items: The Critical Ones
Emergency descent, stall recovery, EGPWS pull-up, windshear, unreliable airspeed, loss of braking and TCAS: the actions you must know cold.
~10 min read→
ATPL theory8 guides
EASA ATPL
EASA ATPL Exams: 13 Subjects, Questions and Time
The 13 EASA ATPL(A) theory exams: questions and time for every paper, the 75% pass mark, the 18-month and 7-year rules, and how to plan the sittings.
~12 min read→
ATPL · all 13 subjects
ATPL Cheat Sheet: Key Facts and Formulas
The must-know numbers, formulas, rules and exam traps of all 13 EASA ATPL papers, with a test-yourself mode and a print layout. Full sheet for members.
~25 min read→
Exam simulator
EASA Exam Simulator: ATPL, CPL and IR Papers
Every EASA ATPL, CPL and IR theory paper at its official number of questions and time, with the official tables for all three licenses.
~6 min read→
EASA syllabus
Top 30 ATPL Air Law Questions
ICAO Annexes, airspace classes, EU 965/2012, EASA flight crew licensing, accidents and reporting — with concise EASA-sourced answers.
~14 min read→
EASA syllabus
Top 25 ATPL Meteorology Questions
Jet streams, CB hazards, icing, fronts, METARs/TAFs, tropopause, turbulence, weather radar — with EASA-sourced answers.
~12 min read→
EASA 081
Top 25 ATPL Principles of Flight Questions
Lift, drag and VMD, stall speed in a turn, swept-wing pitch-up, flaps and slats, stability, Dutch roll, MCRIT and the coffin corner, each answer with its source.
~14 min read→
EASA 040
Top 25 ATPL Human Performance Questions
Hypoxia and TUC, diving and barotrauma, vestibular and visual illusions, jet lag, memory, error types, TEM, SHELL and risky shift, each answer with its source.
~14 min read→
EASA 061
Top 25 ATPL General Navigation Questions
Great circles and rhumb lines, departure, convergency, variation and deviation, compass errors, time, the 1-in-60 rule and chart projections, with the working.
~14 min read→
PPL, IR and CPL theory10 guides
EASA PPL
EASA PPL Theory: All 9 Subjects Explained
All nine EASA PPL theory exam subjects explained by professional pilots: what each paper tests, the 75% pass mark, the 18-month rule and a study order.
~18 min read→
EASA PPL
PPL Principles of Flight: The Complete Guide
PPL Principles of Flight for the EASA exam: the four forces, the lift formula, the stall and spin, the drag curve, Vx and Vy, load limits and stability.
~24 min read→
PPL air law
Top 30 PPL Air Law Questions
Thirty exam-style PPL Air Law questions with worked EASA answers on SERA, VMC minima, airspace, altimetry and licensing, each naming the regulation.
~25 min read→
PPL meteorology
Top 25 PPL Meteorology Questions
The 25 PPL meteorology questions that actually come up, with worked EASA answers: ISA, lapse rates, stability, icing, fog, wind and METAR/TAF decoding.
~25 min read→
EASA PPL
Magnetic Compass Errors: UNOS, ANDS & Dip
Magnetic compass errors for the EASA PPL: variation, deviation, magnetic dip, turning error (UNOS), acceleration error (ANDS) and why both flip to ONUS.
~18 min read→
PPL / CPL
Carburetor Icing Explained
Carburetor icing explained: why it forms above freezing, the symptoms in fixed-pitch and constant-speed airplanes, and how to use carb heat correctly.
~17 min read→
EASA 040
Spatial Disorientation & Visual Illusions
Spatial disorientation and visual illusions for EASA Human Performance 040: the leans, the graveyard spiral, Coriolis, black hole approaches, night vision.
~17 min read→
EASA IR
EASA Instrument Rating Theory: The 7 IR Exams
The EASA instrument rating theory exams explained: the seven IR(A) subjects, the 75% pass mark, the 18-month clock, the CB-IR route and what fails people.
~26 min read→
EASA IR
Cold Weather Altimetry Explained
Cold weather altimetry for the EASA IR: why the altimeter over-reads in cold air, the 4% rule, the ICAO correction table and lowest usable flight level.
~18 min read→
EASA CPL
EASA CPL Theory: All 13 Exam Subjects
EASA CPL theory explained by professional pilots: all 13 exam subjects, the 75% pass mark, the 18- and 36-month clocks, and what changes after the PPL.
~21 min read→
FAA, United States8 guides
Start here
FAA Written Test Prep for US Pilots
The four FAA written-test banks (Private, Instrument, Commercial and ATP: 34 banks, 1,700+ questions written from the FAA handbooks by ACS code), plus A320/B737 systems, US interview prep and the jobs board.
~5 min read→
Private pilot
FAA Private Pilot Written Test
60 scored questions in 2 h, 70% to pass, about $175 at PSI, valid 24 months. Every ACS area, what fails candidates, the endorsement you need and a study order that works.
~7 min read→
Private pilot · PAR
Top 25 FAA Private Pilot Written Test Questions
Medicals, flight review and night currency, VFR fuel, airspace and VFR minimums, weather, load factor, carb ice, pitot blockage and airport signs, each answer cited to 14 CFR, the PHAK or the AIM.
~15 min read→
ATP
FAA ATP Written Test (ATM)
The ATP-CTP course you must finish first (30 h classroom, 10 h simulator), 125 scored questions in 3 h 30, the 60-month validity and what the test actually covers.
~6 min read→
14 CFR 61.160
Restricted ATP Explained
750 hours for military pilots, 1,000 with an aviation bachelor’s and 60 credits, 1,250 with 30 credits or an associate degree. Who qualifies, what an R-ATP lets you do, and when it becomes a full ATP.
~5 min read→
FAA vs EASA
FAA vs EASA Pilot License
One written test against thirteen ATPL exams, the 1,500-hour rule against the frozen ATPL, medicals, English, age limits and cost — and how to convert in each direction.
~7 min read→
Career path
How to Become an Airline Pilot in the USA
Eight steps from medical to major: Private, Instrument, Commercial, CFI, 1,500 hours or R-ATP, ATP-CTP and ATP, regional, then the flow. With costs and timelines.
~7 min read→
Medical
FAA Medical Certificates Explained
First, Second and Third Class and BasicMed: what each is for, how long it lasts by age, the conditions that need a special issuance, and what to do before your first exam.
~6 min read→
Pilot jobs and careers19 guides
Updated weekly
Airline Pilot Jobs: Who’s Hiring Worldwide
121 airlines in 6 regions. For each one: is the door open for First Officers, for Captains, or only through a cadet program — with the license, hours and right-to-work it publishes.
Live board→
Under 500 hours
Low-Hour Pilot Jobs
The 1,500-hour wall is an American rule. Every airline with a First or Second Officer entry point at 500 hours or less, what it asks instead of hours, and the traps in the small print.
~9 min read→
Command
Direct Entry Captain Jobs
Most airlines make their Captains. These ones hire them: the direct-entry command seats by region, the published minimums, age limits, and the airlines that publish no outside Captain route.
~9 min read→
Zero hours
Airline Cadet Pilot Programs
Sponsored, part-sponsored and self-funded routes from zero hours, by region. Who pays, who is eligible, what the bond costs, and the catch in every cadet contract.
~10 min read→
One table
Airline Pilot Hours Requirements
Every airline’s published minimum in one table, from no minimum at Air France to 7,000 hours at Emirates — and what total, PIC, multi-crew and factorized hours actually mean.
~8 min read→
Comparison
Pilot Requirements by Region
USA vs Europe vs Middle East vs Asia: license, hours, type rating, right to work, medical, English and the Captain question — and where to apply with the hours you have.
~11 min read→
Europe
Airline Pilot Jobs in Europe
The most open First Officer market in the world and one of the most closed for Captains. Who is hiring, the frozen-ATPL floor at each airline, and the license and language traps.
~8 min read→
USA and Canada
Airline Pilot Jobs in the USA and Canada
One license and one number: the FAA ATP and 1,500 hours. Which majors and regionals are hiring, the R-ATP reductions, the pathway programs, and why nobody hires Captains.
~8 min read→
Gulf
Airline Pilot Jobs in the Middle East
Emirates, Etihad, flydubai, Riyadh Air and the rest: experienced First Officers and Direct Entry Captains, the type-rating clauses, bonds and age caps, and the cadet schemes for nationals only.
~8 min read→
Asia-Pacific
Airline Pilot Jobs in Asia-Pacific
Cathay from 250 hours, Singapore at 1,500, Qantas for citizens, India from 200 hours on a DGCA CPL, and the expat-contract markets that take Captains only.
~8 min read→
Africa
Airline Pilot Jobs in Africa
Ethiopian and Royal Air Maroc hire expatriate Captains and First Officers on contract; EgyptAir, SAA and Air Mauritius hire nationals. What each one publishes.
~8 min read→
Latin America
Airline Pilot Jobs in Latin America
Azul’s 446 hires, GOL’s 500-hour talent bank, LATAM by affiliate, Copa at 1,000 hours — and why a foreign pilot needs the local license first.
~8 min read→
A320 family
A320 Pilot Jobs
Every airline that flies the A320 family: whether the First Officer seat is open, whether a type rating is needed, and the hours each one asks.
~15 min read→
First Officer
Non-Type-Rated First Officer Jobs
The airlines that take First Officers without a type rating: whether the seat is open, who pays for the rating, the bonds and the hours.
~13 min read→
Visa and work permit
Pilot Jobs With Visa Sponsorship
The airlines on our jobs board that sponsor the visa or work permit for foreign pilots: which have a seat open, the hours, age limits and contracts.
~12 min read→
United Kingdom
Pilot Jobs in the UK
Every UK airline on our jobs board: whether the First Officer or Captain seat is open, the UK license and right-to-work rules, bases, hours and the cadet routes.
~12 min read→
Boeing 737
Boeing 737 Pilot Jobs
Every airline that flies the Boeing 737: whether the First Officer seat is open, whether a type rating is needed, and the hours each one asks.
~15 min read→
Cargo
Cargo Pilot Jobs
The airlines flying freighters, from FedEx, UPS, Atlas and Cargolux to the passenger airlines’ cargo fleets: First Officer status, hours and type rating.
~11 min read→
United Arab Emirates
Pilot Jobs in Dubai and the UAE
4 UAE airlines on our jobs board, 3 with the First Officer seat open at the last check: hours, type rating, bonds, visa and cadet routes in Dubai and Abu Dhabi.
~15 min read→
Becoming a pilot, by country7 guides
ICAO, EASA and FAA
How to Become an Airline Pilot
The route every country shares: the Class 1 medical, the license, the exams, the hours and the cost under ICAO, EASA and FAA rules, country by country.
~15 min read→
United Kingdom
How to Become an Airline Pilot in the UK
The Class 1 medical, integrated or modular training to a UK CAA license, the 13 ATPL exams, the cost, the funding schemes and the UK airlines.
~12 min read→
India
How to Become an Airline Pilot in India
The DGCA Class 2 and Class 1 medicals, the 200-hour CPL, the DGCA exams, the cost, the cadet routes and the Indian airlines.
~11 min read→
Canada
How to Become an Airline Pilot in Canada
How to become an airline pilot in Canada: the Category 1 medical, the 200-hour CPL, the Transport Canada exams, the costs and the airlines’ hour minimums.
~12 min read→
Australia
How to Become an Airline Pilot in Australia
The CASA Class 1 medical, the 150-hour CPL, the ATPL theory exams, 2026 school prices, the Qantas Group Pilot Academy and the Australian airlines’ minimums.
~14 min read→
EASA
How to Become an Airline Pilot in Europe
The Class 1 medical, integrated, modular or MPL training to an EASA license, the 13 ATPL exams, the cost and the airlines in the EASA states.
~17 min read→
Ireland
How to Become an Airline Pilot in Ireland, Step by Step
How to become an airline pilot in Ireland: the IAA and the Class 1 medical, integrated training in Dublin or Cork, ATPL exams, cost and the Irish airlines.
~17 min read→
Airline pilot requirements53 guides
US major
Delta Air Lines Pilot Requirements
Delta Air Lines pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 1,500 h · 1,000 h turbine · 250 h PIC/SIC, FAA CPL/IR · ATP-eligible, type rating Not required ·.
~5 min read→
US major
American Airlines Pilot Requirements
American Airlines pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 1,500 h · 1,000 h military, FAA ATP or ATP-eligible, type rating Not required · provided, right.
~5 min read→
US major
United Airlines Pilot Requirements
United Airlines pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 1,500 h direct entry, FAA ATP (unrestricted) + ME, type rating Not required · provided, right to.
~5 min read→
US major
Southwest Airlines Pilot Requirements
Southwest Airlines pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 2,500 h total or 1,500 h turbine, FAA ATP + AMEL, type rating Not required · B737 provided.
~5 min read→
Canada
Air Canada Pilot Requirements
Air Canada pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 2,000 h fixed-wing, Canadian ATPL · Group 1 IR, type rating Not required · assigned, right to work.
~5 min read→
UK flag carrier
British Airways Pilot Requirements
British Airways pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 1,500 h (long-haul DE), UK CAA ATPL / fATPL / MPL, type rating Required (long-haul) · cadets.
~5 min read→
Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific Pilot Requirements
Cathay Pacific pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 1,500 h multi-crew (FO) · 250 h (SO), ICAO ATPL / CPL+MEIR (FO) · CPL (SO), type rating Provided.
~5 min read→
Singapore
Singapore Airlines Pilot Requirements
Singapore Airlines pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 1,500 h multi-crew jet · 700 h considered, ATPL + A350/A380 rating, type rating Required (DE) ·.
~5 min read→
Australia
Qantas Group Pilot Requirements
Qantas Group pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: Not published · see vacancy, CASA ATPL / CPL + ATPL theory · ME IR, type rating Provided, right to.
~5 min read→
Dubai
flydubai Pilot Requirements
flydubai pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 1,500 h MPA / 500 h 737 (FO) · 5,000 h (Capt), ICAO ATPL, type rating Required · cadets bonded, right to.
~5 min read→
Saudi Arabia
Riyadh Air Pilot Requirements
Riyadh Air pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 2,000 h multi-crew jet, ICAO ATPL, type rating B787 preferred, right to work Visa sponsored · under 59..
~4 min read→
India
IndiGo Pilot Requirements
IndiGo pilot requirements as the airline publishes them: 200 h JFO · 1,500 h+ experienced, DGCA CPL/IR · ATPL (Capt), type rating Arranged · cadets pay, right to.
~5 min read→
Dubai
Emirates Pilot Requirements
Emirates pilot requirements 2026: 2,000 h with 1,000 on a Boeing or Airbus FBW type, the four routes, the USD 42,000 bond, frozen ATPLs and age.
~19 min read→
Qatar
Qatar Airways Pilot Requirements
Qatar Airways pilot requirements 2026: no direct-entry campaign open, what the last adverts asked for, the Qatari cadet route and Qatar Executive jobs.
~18 min read→
Abu Dhabi
Etihad Airways Pilot Requirements
Etihad pilot requirements 2026: Criteria A or B for First Officers, 5,500 h and 7,000 h Captains, under 50 or 59 at joining, non-rated listings and pay.
~16 min read→
Turkey
Turkish Airlines Pilot Requirements
Turkish Airlines pilot requirements 2026: no standing minimums, how campaigns work, the Istanbul screening, expat pilots and the Take-Off Cadet route.
~14 min read→
India
Air India Pilot Requirements
Air India pilot requirements 2026: 500 h on the A320 for First Officers, Captain routes, age limits, OCI eligibility, cadet cost and the Express command path.
~12 min read→
Ireland
Ryanair Group Pilot Requirements
Ryanair pilot requirements 2026: 700 h for non-rated First Officers, 3,500 h for Captains, the cadet routes and their costs, bases and the MAX 10.
~18 min read→
UK
easyJet Pilot Requirements
easyJet pilot requirements 2026: 4,000 h Captains, co-pilot minimums, license by base, the CAE and Skyborne cadet routes and costs, and new bases.
~18 min read→
Hungary
Wizz Air Pilot Requirements
Wizz Air pilot requirements 2026: 140 h cadet, 500 h First Officer and 3,500 factorized h Captain routes, the AOC choice, academy costs and bases.
~18 min read→
Germany
Lufthansa Group Pilot Requirements
Lufthansa pilot requirements 2026: the European Flight Academy route, the DLR test, German C1, €130,000 cost, and where licensed pilots apply in the Group.
~16 min read→
Netherlands
KLM Pilot Requirements
KLM pilot requirements 2026: 500 h and a type rating, LPE 6, the Dutch language rules, KLM Flight Academy costs and repayment, and the A350 and A321neo.
~18 min read→
France
Air France Pilot Requirements
Air France pilot requirements 2026: no minimum hours, EEA or Swiss nationality, fluent French, TOEIC 850, the PSY1 and PSY2 selection and the cadet route.
~15 min read→
Italy
ITA Airways Pilot Requirements
ITA Airways pilot requirements 2026: no route open, the MPL cadet criteria (Italian, DLR test, age 17) and the 500 h A320 or A220 First Officer campaign.
~13 min read→
Portugal
TAP Air Portugal Pilot Requirements
TAP Air Portugal pilot requirements 2026: how the competitions work, CPL with ME/IR, the ANAC license transfer, the three-year bond and the CV ranking points.
~13 min read→
Spain
Vueling Pilot Requirements
Vueling pilot requirements 2026: no call open, what the last First Officer advert asked, the undefined 200 factorized hours, MAPS cadets and the 737s.
~13 min read→
Ireland
Aer Lingus Pilot Requirements
Aer Lingus pilot requirements 2026: both routes closed, an ATPL and an Airbus rating, ELP 5, no hours minimum, published pay and the Future Pilot Programme.
~13 min read→
Spain
Iberia Pilot Requirements
Iberia pilot requirements 2026: no call open, 500 h on CS-25 aircraft, a frozen ATPL, Spanish level 5, the AESA conversion and the 50% financed Cadetes route.
~11 min read→
Scandinavia
SAS Pilot Requirements
SAS pilot requirements 2026: 400 h on CS-25 aircraft for First Officers, 3,000 to 4,000 h Captains, ICAO English 5, five bases, the bond and the selection.
~11 min read→
Norway
Norwegian Pilot Requirements
Norwegian pilot requirements 2026: 1,500 h for non-rated First Officers, 500 h on the 737 if rated, ELP 5, the 12-month license conversion and assessment day.
~11 min read→
UK
Virgin Atlantic Pilot Requirements
Virgin Atlantic pilot requirements 2026: 1,500 h on multi-pilot aircraft, a current Airbus rating, a UK CAA license, ICAO English 6 and the RAF route.
~7 min read→
UK
Jet2.com Pilot Requirements
Jet2 pilot requirements 2026: Second Officer from 100 h, First Officer 500 h, Captain 3,000 h, a UK license, ELP 5, rated and non-rated streams and selection.
~8 min read→
Switzerland
SWISS International Air Lines Pilot Requirements
SWISS pilot requirements 2026: A320 and A330 First Officer vacancies, an EASA license, German B2, Matura-level education, hours on type and the cadet route.
~7 min read→
Germany
Eurowings Pilot Requirements
Eurowings pilot requirements 2026: rated and non-rated A320 First Officers, the 4,000 h fast-track Captain program, EASA license, EU right to work and bases.
~7 min read→
Germany
Condor Pilot Requirements
Condor pilot requirements 2026: an EASA ATPL, CPL/IR or MPL, German and English at Level 4, German work rights, the eyesight limit and the 24-month TFC MPL.
~7 min read→
Greece
Aegean Airlines Pilot Requirements
Aegean Airlines pilot requirements 2026: non-rated A320 and ATR First Officers from 70 h PIC, an EASA CPL with ATPL theory, MCC and UPRT, and A320 Captains.
~7 min read→
UK
Loganair Pilot Requirements
Loganair pilot requirements 2026: Direct Entry Captains from 1,000 h PIC, a UK CAA license, a paid, bonded type rating, returners and the APS MCC route.
~6 min read→
Switzerland
Edelweiss Pilot Requirements
Edelweiss pilot requirements 2026: rated Airbus First Officers and A350 Commanders in Zurich, 1,800 h on the A320 or 1,000 h on the A350, and German.
~8 min read→
USA
Alaska Airlines Pilot Requirements
Alaska Airlines pilot requirements 2026: 1,500 h with 500 h turbine, the ATP written or the ATP, the Alaska and Hawaiian seniority lists and domiciles.
~11 min read→
USA · cargo
FedEx Express Pilot Requirements
FedEx Express pilot requirements 2026: an ATP, 1,500 h with 500 h in command of jets or turboprops, degree preferred, the profile pool and Purple Runway.
~11 min read→
USA
JetBlue Pilot Requirements
JetBlue pilot requirements 2026: an unrestricted ATP, 1,500 h with 500 h fixed-wing, a First Class medical, no type rating or visa sponsorship; Gateway routes.
~13 min read→
USA · cargo
UPS Airlines Pilot Requirements
UPS Airlines pilot requirements 2026: an unrestricted ATP, 1,500 h fixed-wing, 1,000 h in command of jets or turboprops, degree preferred, and FlightPath.
~11 min read→
USA · regional
SkyWest Airlines Pilot Requirements
SkyWest pilot requirements 2026: the ATP’s 1,500 h or the restricted ATP’s 750 to 1,250 h, CTP and CRJ or E175 rating provided, 21 domiciles, Pathway routes.
~12 min read→
Canada
WestJet Pilot Requirements
WestJet pilot requirements 2026: 2,000 h and a TC ATPL for mainline 737 and 787 First Officers; 750 h, 100 h PIC and a CPL for Encore Q400; no type rating.
~11 min read→
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Airlines Pilot Requirements
Ethiopian Airlines pilot requirements 2026: Expat Captains on the A350, B777/787 and B737 with 3,500 h jet, 2,500 h PIC, 500 h on type and age 60 or under.
~12 min read→
USA · low-cost
Frontier Airlines Pilot Requirements
Frontier Airlines pilot requirements 2026: an ATP, 1,500 h, a First Class medical, age 20, the A320 rating provided, and the Cadet, University and Rotor programs.
~13 min read→
India
Akasa Air Pilot Requirements
Akasa Air pilot requirements 2026: First Officers from 500 h of jet or turboprop flying, B737-rated freshers, the DGCA medical, SkyCadet and selection.
~13 min read→
New Zealand
Air New Zealand Pilot Requirements
Air New Zealand pilot requirements 2026: turboprop First Officers from 500 h with an NZCAA CPL and MEIR, jet seats from 1,500 h, and the cadetship.
~15 min read→
UK and Europe
TUI Airline Pilot Requirements
Five airlines, one application each: a license for its country, 500 hours or 100 sectors for non-rated B737 First Officers, and the selection.
~14 min read→
USA · regional
Republic Airways Pilot Requirements
Republic Airways pilot requirements 2026: E170/E175 First Officers at ATP or R-ATP minimums, no type rating, RJet Cadet offers, LIFT Academy, interview.
~17 min read→
Australia
Virgin Australia Pilot Requirements
Virgin Australia pilot requirements 2026: B737 First Officers from 500 h, an ATPL or CPL with ATPL theory, IR with 2D/3D, MCC, citizenship, selection.
~15 min read→
Saudi Arabia
Saudia Pilot Requirements
Saudia pilot requirements 2026: the Cadet Program for Saudi CPL holders with 240 h, AIP test and English Level 4; no Captain or FO vacancy on 20 October 2026.
~13 min read→
USA · regional
Envoy Air Pilot Requirements
Envoy Air pilot requirements 2026: 1,500 h or the restricted ATP’s 750 to 1,250 h, the ATP written passed, E175 training and flow to American with no interview.
~17 min read→
Airline interview guides39 guides
Europe's #1 recruiter
Ryanair Pilot Interview Prep
500+ Boeing 737s. 90+ bases. Year-round hiring. The 4 stages, sim assessment, technical questions, and what gets candidates through.
~13 min read→
A320 low-cost
easyJet Pilot Interview Prep
320+ A320s, EU-wide bases. The 4 stages, sim assessment specifics, HR competency interview, and the 7 reasons candidates fail.
~14 min read→
CEE leader
Wizz Air Pilot Interview Prep
200+ A320-family aircraft. CEE bases plus growing UK/Mid-East. Process, sim, technical questions, fast command.
~12 min read→
IAG group
Vueling Pilot Interview Prep
IAG group, Spain-based. Bilingual interview, sim assessment, technical questions, Mediterranean ops focus.
~10 min read→
IAG group
Aer Lingus Pilot Interview Prep
A320 + A321XLR + A330 mixed fleet. IAG context, recruitment process, technical questions, transatlantic ops.
~10 min read→
Flag carrier
TAP Air Portugal Pilot Interview Prep
Portuguese flag carrier, narrow + widebody, Brazil/Africa network. Process, sim, technical, language considerations.
~10 min read→
Lufthansa Group
ITA Airways Pilot Interview Prep
Italy's flag carrier, Lufthansa Group acquisition, A220/A320/A330/A350 fleet. Process, technical, future mobility benefits.
~10 min read→
All airlines
Airline Pilot Interview: The Complete Guide
Airline pilot interview prep for all four stages: HR, technical, CRM and sim, with the questions airlines actually ask, a 30-day plan and 5 mistakes to avoid.
~9 min read→
Lufthansa Group
Lufthansa Pilot Interview Prep
Lufthansa pilot interview guide: cadet route via Lufthansa Aviation Training, aptitude testing, DLR screening, sim assessment, HR and technical questions.
~10 min read→
Flag carrier
Air France Pilot Interview Prep
Inside the Air France pilot selection: application, aptitude tests, HR and technical interviews, sim assessment, and the A320 questions worth drilling.
~9 min read→
Flag carrier
KLM Pilot Interview Prep
KLM pilot selection prep: stages, COMPASS-style testing, psych assessment, sim ride and 737 + ATPL technical questions — plus what KLM doesn't publish.
~7 min read→
IAG group
Iberia Pilot Interview Prep
The Iberia pilot interview explained: typical selection stages, sim assessment, bilingual HR round, A320 and ATPL technical questions, and why candidates fail.
~9 min read→
Scandinavia
SAS Pilot Interview Prep
SAS pilot interview prep: recruitment stages, A320 sim assessment, technical questions — practice 9,300+ A320 and ATPL questions, every answer sourced.
~9 min read→
737 low-cost
Norwegian Pilot Interview Prep
Norwegian pilot interview prep: recruitment stages, 737 sim assessment, technical questions — practice 8,000+ B737 and ATPL questions, every answer sourced.
~7 min read→
Flag carrier
Turkish Airlines Pilot Interview Prep
Turkish Airlines pilot interview prep: selection stages, English test, technical questions, sim assessment — 11,400+ practice questions for A320, B737 & ATPL.
~7 min read→
Gulf carrier
Emirates Pilot Interview Prep
Emirates pilot interview prep: assessment stages, group exercises, Dubai sim, technical questions — 5,900+ ATPL practice questions, every answer sourced.
~7 min read→
Gulf carrier
Qatar Airways Pilot Interview Prep
How the Qatar Airways pilot interview typically works — application, aptitude tests, HR and technical interviews, sim assessment, and why candidates fail.
~8 min read→
Gulf carrier
Etihad Pilot Interview Prep
Etihad pilot interview guide: the commonly reported stages, sim assessment, HR and technical questions, plus the mistakes that end strong applications.
~9 min read→
IAG group
British Airways Pilot Interview Prep
Euroflyer and mainline A320 routes, the online tests, the Day 1 interview, group exercise and capacity test, and the raw-data sim flown with a partner.
~13 min read→
Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific Pilot Interview Prep
Cadet, Second Officer and First Officer routes, the online tests and HR video call, and the Cathay City sim on a type assigned about a week before.
~11 min read→
Gulf carrier
flydubai Pilot Interview Prep
All 737, all Dubai: rated and non-rated routes, the psychometric tests, two assessment days in Dubai, the 737 sim and the training bond.
~11 min read→
Australia
Qantas Pilot Interview Prep
QantasLink, A220, Network Aviation and Second Officer routes, the aptitude tests, the assessment center interview and sim, and Pilot Leadership endorsement.
~11 min read→
UK wide-body
Virgin Atlantic Pilot Interview Prep
The rated Airbus First Officer posting: 1,500 h multi-pilot, a current Airbus rating on a UK license, ICAO English 6, the RAF route, and how to prepare.
~12 min read→
UK · every rank
Jet2 Pilot Interview Prep
Second Officer to Captain, the five published stages, the online assessments, the interview and group exercise, and the 737 and A321neo questions.
~13 min read→
Switzerland
SWISS Pilot Interview Prep
The A320 and A330 First Officer vacancies: hours on type, German B2, Matura-level education, and how to prepare for a selection SWISS does not publish.
~11 min read→
Germany
Eurowings Pilot Interview Prep
Rated and non-rated A320-family First Officers, the 4,000 h fast-track Captain program, the residence rule, and how to prepare for an unpublished selection.
~12 min read→
USA
Delta Air Lines Pilot Interview Prep
The eight published steps, the Aon online assessment, the Atlanta panel and MMPI-2, the psychologist interview, and what candidates report.
~13 min read→
USA
United Airlines Pilot Interview Prep
The Leadership Inventory and Becoming United assessments, the panel and technical assessment, the 180-day window, and what candidates report.
~11 min read→
USA
American Airlines Pilot Interview Prep
The online Pilot Skills Test, the HR interview, the Dallas–Fort Worth interview day with its logbook review, and what candidates report.
~12 min read→
India
Air India Pilot Interview Prep
Air India pilot interview 2026: the psychometric assessment, interview, simulator test and medical for type-rated pilots, and the trainee and cadet routes.
~16 min read→
USA
Southwest Airlines Pilot Interview Prep
Southwest Airlines pilot interview 2026: the application windows, the HR interview, logbook review and scenario interview candidates report, and how to prepare.
~13 min read→
India
IndiGo Pilot Interview Prep
The cadet selection through six partner academies, two attempts per stage, the Junior First Officer round and what licensed pilots report.
~13 min read→
Canada
Air Canada Pilot Interview Prep
What the posting asked for, the tests and two-captain panel candidates report, a simulator check if you are invited to one, Relief Pilot seats and the coaching warning.
~15 min read→
Singapore
Singapore Airlines Pilot Interview Prep
The cadet and A350/A380 contract doors, the computer assessment test, the interviews, the simulator assessment and what candidates report.
~13 min read→
Saudi Arabia
Riyadh Air Pilot Interview Prep
The 787 and A321 First Officer postings, 2,000 hours of jet time, the stages candidates report and the 787 simulator check.
~15 min read→
Germany
Condor Pilot Interview Prep
The interpersonal aptitude test, the rated and non-rated A320 and A330 First Officer postings, German at Level 4 and how to prepare.
~14 min read→
Greece
Aegean Airlines Pilot Interview Prep
The non-rated A320 and ATR 42/72 First Officer call from 70 hours in command, the type-rated A320 Captains, the reported assessment and how to prepare.
~15 min read→
Switzerland
Edelweiss Pilot Interview Prep
The six stages of Edelweiss’s assessment document, from the assessment day to the A320 simulator, the German level and the A320 and A350 routes.
~15 min read→
UK
Loganair Pilot Interview Prep
Direct Entry Captains from 1,000 hours in command, the Airline Returners Programme, the simulator assessment and the ATR and ERJ 145 questions.
~16 min read→
Reference articles in the manner of an aviation encyclopedia: what it is, how it works, what the rules say. Open the Library →
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Courses and quizzes on what changes between variants: the FAA and EASA differences levels, systems, procedures and figures. Included in PRO, or €11.99 per aircraft for a year. Open Difference Training →
Boeing 737 NG to 737 MAX8 modules
Course overview
Boeing 737 NG to 737 MAX
A differences course for 737 NG pilots moving to the 737 MAX, built from the FAA FSB report, the EASA type certificate data sheet and the FAA and EASA return to service reports.
8 modules→
Module 1
The MAX Family and Your Type Rating
The 737 MAX models, why they share the B-737 type rating with the NG, the FAA differences levels A to E and what they require from NG to MAX, where the Appendix 7 special training fits, and the facts of the 2019 to 2020 grounding.
7 min read→
Module 2
Airframe, Dimensions and Weights
What changes on the outside of the MAX and on paper: engines, winglets, nose gear, tailskid and tail lights, dimensions, exits and seating by model, certified weights, and the altitude, speed and other limits in the type certificate.
7 min read→
Module 3
Engines
The CFM LEAP-1B that replaces the NG's CFM56-7B: engine models in the type certificate, why the installation matters, the EEC, indication, alert and thrust reverser changes the FSB lists, thrust setting, starting and limitations.
6 min read→
Module 4
Flight Deck and Displays
The MAX Display System's four large screens against the NG's six display units, display formats and switching, the engine display control panel, EFIS panel, PFD and standby instruments, the two-position landing gear lever, and the FMC and CDU changes.
6 min read→
Module 5
Flight Controls, MCAS and Stabilizer Trim
The fly-by-wire spoilers and their new functions, how MCAS works after the 2020 return-to-service update, and the changes to speed trim, stabilizer trim, STAB OUT OF TRIM and AOA DISAGREE, with the FSB level for each.
7 min read→
Module 6
Systems by ATA Chapter
The remaining design differences in the FSB table from the 737-800 to the 737-8, grouped by ATA chapter with their training and checking levels, then the flight deck and procedure differences between the 737-8 and the 737-7, 737-9 and 737-8200.
6 min read→
Module 7
Procedures and Special Training
What changes in normal and non-normal procedures on the 737 MAX, the special ground and simulator training of FSB Appendix 7, and the additional requirements EASA set for the return to service.
7 min read→
Module 8
Quick Reference
One side-by-side table of the main differences between the 737-800 and the 737-8 with their FSB training and checking levels, then a revision list of the facts and figures to know.
5 min read→
Airbus A320 family: ceo to neo, and A319 / A320 / A3217 modules
Course overview
Airbus A320 family: ceo to neo, and A319 / A320 / A321
What changes when an A320-family pilot moves from ceo to neo or between the A319, A320 and A321, including the A321neo ACF and XLR, taken from the FAA and EASA documents.
7 modules→
Module 1
The A320 Family and Your Type Rating
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 in their ceo and neo versions, how to read a model number such as A320-214 or A321-251NX, the single type rating, the FAA and EASA differences levels A to E and the levels set between the variants.
8 min read→
Module 2
A319, A320 and A321 Compared
The three main variants side by side from the EASA type certificate data sheet and the FAA and EASA differences tables: dimensions, exits and seating, weights, fuel, flaps, speed limits, altitude and the handling and systems items a pilot must know.
8 min read→
Module 3
Engines, ceo and neo
The six engine families on the A320-family type certificate, which engine each model carries, what the engine suffixes and optional ratings mean, what the FAA and EASA require in training when the engine changes, and the engine limitations that do not carry across.
8 min read→
Module 4
The neo Airframe and Systems
What the type certificate and its annexes record as changed in the neo airframe and systems, chapter by chapter, and what each change means for a ceo pilot.
8 min read→
Module 5
Flight Deck and Procedures
What a ceo pilot sees and does differently on the neo, from engine indications and start to flap settings, go-around, abnormal procedures and limitations, and which ceo figures not to carry across.
6 min read→
Module 6
A321neo ACF and XLR
The A321neo Airbus Cabin Flex with its new exit and tank options, and the A321neo XLR with its rear center tank, electrical rudder and revised flight control laws, with the FSB training levels.
8 min read→
Module 7
Quick Reference
Side-by-side tables of the A319, A320 and A321 ceo, of ceo against neo and of the A321neo, ACF and XLR, then a revision list of the differences that matter most.
6 min read→
Official accident reports explained for pilots: what happened, what the investigators found, the probable cause and the lessons, with the theory to train it. Open Crash Investigations →
Accident reports20 reports
NTSB · 2019
Atlas Air Flight 3591
A 767 freighter's go-around mode engaged by accident in turbulence; the first officer, disoriented, pushed the airplane into a steep dive, and 32 seconds after the mode change it struck the bay.
11 min read→
NTSB · 2018
Southwest Airlines Flight 1380
How a fatigue crack in one CFM56-7B fan blade led to a lost cabin window, a rapid decompression and an emergency landing at Philadelphia.
11 min read→
BEA · 2015
Germanwings Flight 9525
The BEA's findings on the deliberate descent of an A320 into the French Alps, the co-pilot's medical certification and the reinforced cockpit door that kept the captain out.
12 min read→
NTSB · 2013
Asiana Airlines Flight 214
A 777 crew on a visual approach to San Francisco unintentionally left the autothrottle in HOLD at idle, noticed the decaying airspeed only at about 200 ft and struck the seawall after a late go-around.
11 min read→
ATSB · 2010
Qantas Flight 32
How a manufacturing flaw in an oil pipe led to a turbine disc burst on an A380, and how a five-pilot crew worked through the damage and landed at Singapore.
12 min read→
BEA · 2009
Air France Flight 447
A temporary loss of airspeed indications at FL350 led to inappropriate control inputs, a stall that the crew never identified and the loss of all 228 people on board.
12 min read→
NTSB · 2009
Colgan Air Flight 3407
A Q400 slowed into its stick shaker on a night approach in icing conditions; the captain's aft column inputs stalled the wing and he pulled against the stick pusher.
11 min read→
NTSB · 2009
US Airways Flight 1549
Both engines of an A320 ingested Canada geese at 2,818 ft above ground; the crew glided to a ditching on the Hudson River and all 155 people on board survived.
11 min read→
ATSB · 2008
Qantas Flight 72
Faulty angle of attack spikes from one of three air data units, and a rare gap in the flight control software, made an A330 pitch down twice in cruise, injuring many unbelted occupants.
11 min read→
AAIB · 2008
British Airways Flight 38
How ice that built up inside a Boeing 777's fuel system on a cold flight from Beijing blocked the fuel flow to both engines on final approach to Heathrow.
12 min read→
NTSB · 2006
Comair Flight 5191
Cleared for runway 22 at Lexington, a CRJ crew lined up in the dark on runway 26, less than half as long, and crashed beyond its end.
11 min read→
AAIASB · 2005
Helios Airways Flight 522
A 737 left Larnaca with its pressurization in manual; the crew mistook the cabin altitude horn, lost consciousness from hypoxia, and the aircraft flew on autopilot until its fuel ran out.
11 min read→
BFU · 2002
Überlingen Mid-Air Collision
Two jets cleared at FL360 collided near Lake Constance at night after a late ATC descent instruction to one crew contradicted its TCAS climb advisory; all 71 people on board died.
12 min read→
NTSB · 2001
American Airlines Flight 587
An A300-600's fin broke off in the climb when repeated full rudder reversals after a minor wake encounter built loads beyond the ultimate design load.
11 min read→
GPIAA · 2001
Air Transat Flight 236
A fuel leak from a mis-installed engine tube, crossfed instead of isolated, left an A330 without fuel over the Atlantic; the crew glided it to a landing in the Azores.
12 min read→
NTSB · 2000
Alaska Airlines Flight 261
An MD-83's stabilizer trim jackscrew lost its nut threads through lack of grease, and extended check intervals let the wear go undetected until pitch control was lost.
12 min read→
TSB · 1998
Swissair Flight 111
A fire hidden above the cockpit ceiling of a Swissair MD-11 spread through flammable insulation during a diversion to Halifax, degrading the aircraft's systems until control was lost and it struck the sea.
11 min read→
NTSB · 1989
United Airlines Flight 232
A DC-10's tail engine fan disk burst in cruise and cut all three hydraulic systems; the crew steered it to Sioux City using engine thrust alone.
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AAIB · 1989
British Midland Flight 92 (Kegworth)
After a fan blade failure in the left engine, the crew of a Boeing 737-400 shut down the right engine; the damaged engine failed on final approach and the aircraft crashed beside the M1.
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NTSB · 1982
Air Florida Flight 90
A Boeing 737 took off in continuing snow with contaminated wings and far less thrust than its iced EPR gauges showed, could not sustain flight after liftoff and struck a bridge over the Potomac.
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